National Parks of |Ethiopia

It is the oldest and most develode wildlife reserve in Ethiopia. It is even easy to access, situated 210kms (130miles) east of Addis Ababa. Awash national park occupies about 830 square kilometers (320sq. miles) of dry savannah in the middle of the rift valley. This hot, arid terrain climbs up to 1,000masl, with the exception of the peak of Fentale volcano, which reaches 2,007masl. The parks name comes from the longest river in Ethiopia: the Awash. It marks the southern boundary of the park by means of a deep gorge, then turns north where it reaches the inhospitable Danakil region.In the park’s interior, the river forms a waterfall underneath which it is possible to walk and enjoy the exceptional view of a great numbers and variety of birds. The park’s habitat features an odd riverine forest and interesting volcanic terrain. The impressive 3. 5km crater presents a vision of hell, surrounded by remains of lava from the last eruption in 1820. The harar road cuts the park in to two. Hot springs are accessible by road in the northern part of the park. Warm, turquoise waters with a temperature of 360c offer a delightful swim.Among the park’s sparse vegetation, the palm oil trees stand out. They are highly valued by the Afar people who live in the surrounding area, because edible oil is obtained from its fruit. Not far from the main roads, one can see soemmering’s Gazelles & even the pale beisa oryx, with straight horns capable of spearing a lion. These animals have adapted to the high temperatures and scarcity of water by developing a physiological mechanism that allows them to increase their interior temperature. Instead of perspiring, they lose heat through radiation.There are also other mammals inhabited in the national park like: greater kuhdu, lesser kudu, dik dik, warthogs, Anubis baboon, hamadryas baboon, black & white colobus monkey, vervet monkey and many more. It is not easy to spot predators, but in the park there are lions, le opards, cheetahs, striped and spotted hyenas, golden and black-backed jackals, servals and wild cats. The spotted hyenas, the largest in the family, reach a height of between 65 and 90cm. they have a wide head, short bristly hair, hind quarters lower than the front quarters, and a long, powerful neck. Their coats are grey or yellow with black patches.About 400 species of birds have been counted, including some endemic species such as the banded barbet, the golden backed woodpecker, the thick billed raven and the wattled ibis. SIMIEN MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK It is registered as a world heritage site by UNESCO, located in the Simien Mountain, it occupies a surface area of 180km2. Simien means â€Å"NORTH† in Amharic, an allusion to the position it occupies in the Gondar massif, one of the craggiest in Africa. The park is interesting because of the uniqueness of its endemic animals, the beauty of its flora, and the majesty of its impressive landscape.The park, situated between 4,6 20 and 1,900masl, boasts varied flora with three marked botanical areas. The highest parts have meadows with little vegetation, characteristic of afro alpine zones. Here one can find the endemic lobelia rhynchopetalum, small groups of perpetual flowers, helichrysum, and the striking kniphofia foliosa. Of particular botanical interest is the Afrovivella semiensis, a small fleshy plant with pink flowers in the shape of little bells. This plant has been found only in the Simien Mountains and nowhere else on earth.There is only one species within its genus. In the park, there are three most colorful endemic mammals in Ethiopia: the walia ibex which lives wild at an altitude of more than 2,500masl, the gelada baboonwhich inhabits the simian plateax, and the Ethiopian wolf which is also found in great numbers in the Bale mountain national park. In the park, approximately 50 different bird species have been identified, among them a great many scavengers and birds of prey. Birds migrating f rom Europe and all over Africa also can be seen here.One of the most striking birds is the large and powerful lammergeyer or bearded vulture. It is a scavenger, often seen on the north face of the park. This bird nests on inaccessible shelves and in hollows on great walls of rock. Unlike other vultures, its head is completely covered in feathers. Underneath its beak, it has a streak of stiff bristles, which accounts for its nick name â€Å"bearded vulture†. Its wingspan can reach up to 250cm. the lammergeyer feeds on animal remains stripped of meat by other vultures. It takes the bones, drops them from a great height, and eats the marrow.Bones and marrow comprise 85%of its diet. There are also other birds of prey in the park: buzzard, Egyptian vulture, Ruppel’s griffon vultures, eagles, falcons and ravens. Endemic bird species such as the spot-breasted plover, the white-billed starling and the black-headed siskin are easy to spot in the national park during rainy seaso n, as they search for food over the cultivated land of the high plateau. Even if there is a rare chance to see, one can also possibly spot the black-headed forest orioles & golden-backed woodpeckers in the valley. YANGUDI-RASSA NATIONAL PARKDespite the difficulties of getting this place, the Yangudi-rassa national park is worth visiting. It is the last refuge of the extremely rare and almost extinct African wild Ass. Found 500kms northeast of the Addis Ababa, the habitat is 4,371km2of semi desert with vegetation consisting of acacia trees, fleshy grass and scrub. The park protects against the dangers threatening the wild donkey: Somalis and Ethiopian who hunt them for food and medicine, depredation by hyenas, competition with cattle for scarce water, and cross-breeding with domestic donkeys.The sub-species living in Ethiopia, the equus africanus somalicus(YEDUR AHIYA), is down to only a few hundred heads, surviving in a completely wild state. These asses posses excellent climbing ab ilities and usually inhabit rocky, uneven places. This ability differentiates them from their brother, the domestic donkey. BALE MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK Although the access route is difficult to traverse, the Bale Mountains are worth visiting because they contain the richest flora & fauna of the alpine habitat in all of Ethiopia. The park occupies a surface area of 2,470km2 and includes altitudes from 1,500 up to 4,400masl.This provides a unique diversity of landscape, vegetation and fauna. The park is divided by the Harenna cliff, which runs through it like a fracture from east to west, creating three clearly differentiated areas within the reserve. The northern part is known as Geyessey, named after a small river that crosses it & flows in to the WEYB River near the settlement of Dinsho. The central part, just above the cliff, is the sennete plateau which rises to more than 4,000masl. The southern part, below the cliff, is a densely forested area known as the Harenna forest.From th ere, the land continues to drop until it reaches the lowlands. In the northern part, geysey area, and around Dinsho, a large variety of animals can be seen. The vegetation consists of grassy ground, riverside plains, trees and bushes. In the hills, between 2,500 and 3,300m, there are meadows and plentiful hygenia abyssinica and juniperous procera trees. Geraniums, lobelias and Allchemilas species create colourful carpets interrupted by thickets of Artemisia afra, kniphofia foliosa flowers and the wild roses of the Rose abyssinica.This part of the park is the best place to see the endemic mountain Nyala, which is a large antelope the size of a Kudu. In the area surrounding Dinsho, one can find the endemic Menelik’s bushbuck. The bushbuck prefers plains and mountains up to 4,000m and feeds mainly on leaves, shoots and fruit. It is a natural swimmer. As it is a solitary creature, Menelik’s bushbuck is rarely found in pairs, except for couples in the mating season or a fem ale with her offspring. In the second part of the park, the senate plateau, just above the harenna cliff at a height of 4,000m.It was formed by ancient volcanic rocks. It can be reached by the road connecting Goba to Dolomena, which crosses the eastern part of the park. This road has views of some of the most wonderful natural scenery in the world. Rivers and streams cut gorges across the plateau, form waterfalls in some places and craggy crests rise above the plateau. The most outstanding peak is the second tallest in Ethiopia, TULLU DIMTU (The red mountain) at 4,477meter. Mount Batu, at 4,300m, is also impressive. The shallow depressions of the plateau fill up with water during the rainy season, forming small lakes.A few large lakes contain water year round, including Garba Buracha (Black Water) and Hora Bachay, which create unique places to observe migratory birds from Europe, that are avoiding the western winter. The plateau of volcanic rock is covered with emerald green moorlan d and a host of lichens. The area’s afroalpine vegetation is displayed in the numerous giant Lobelias and the everlastings represented by different species, among them H. splendidum with its yellow flowers and the thorny H. citrispinum. This area is the best place to see the endemic and rare Ethiopian wolf.This mammal can only be found in the high altitude prairies of the Bale and Simien massifs. Its reddish coat is similar to the European Red Fox, but its shape is between a wolf and a jackal. It has long legs, a sharp snout, and a very thick black and white tail. The male and female are identical. Its preferred prey is the endemic giant molerat, a large, brown, round-bodied rodent. The last part of the park is located to the south, where the land gradually falls away and a belt of heath land gives away to a densely wooded forest, known as the HARENNA FOREST.Depending the altitude, different species of trees appear in the forests, from Podocarpus, Hagenias, Juniperous, Scheff lera and Bamboos, all with bark decorated by the lichens and mosses. In the forest, it is difficult to spot animals but several types of pig have been seen, such as Warthogs, Bushh pigs and Giant Forest hogs. In the Harenna forest, Black & White colobus monkeys jump from tree to tree. Anubis baboons are most common, found in Adeley, Geysey and Harenna forests. Groups of them have been seen at altitudes above 3,700meters.Vervet monkeys live at an altitude below 3,000meter. More than 200 bird species have been counted, of which at least 15 are endemic. Among the rocky highlands of Bale, the spectacular lammergeyer, one can often find the thick-billed raven feasting on the lammergeyer’s leftovers. It is also possible to spot different birds of prey such as Falcons, Eagles, kites, Vultures and Ravens. The best season to visit the park is the dry season, from November to January when there are abundant clear days. The temperature can reach up to 300C during the morning and drop to -70C at night.

Critical Response Paper to Mike Rose’s I Just Wanna Be Average Essay

In his essay â€Å"I Just Wanna Be Average,† Mike Rose details his school life in South L. A. Now a professor of Education and Information Studies at UCLA, Rose moves through secondary school at Our Lady of Mercy on the Voc. Ed. Track, revealing why the standardized versions of this â€Å"educational system† betray the core values behind liberal, humanistic education as we understand it. As Rose wants to stress the value of all individuals, the discrepancies between their actual intellectual capacities and how the system classified and treated them, he paints his fellow students in Vocational Education in great detail. His title comes from Ken Harvey, who, among the many colorful characters and lively Americans Rose met, dropped the defining one-liner of his entire Voc. Ed. Experience: We were talking about the parable of the talents, about achievement, working hard, doing the best you can do, blah-blah-blah, when the teacher called on the restive Ken Harvey for an opinion. Ken thought about it, but just for a second, and said (with studied, minimal affect), â€Å"I just wanna be average. † That woke me up. Average? Who wants to be average? At the time, I thought Ken’s assertion was stupid, and I wrote him off. But his sentence has stayed with me all these years, and I think I am finally coming to understand it (Rereading America, 186). Rose goes on to attempt to clarify his understanding of this one-liner and how it fits in America’s education system. He reveals how Ken Harvey was trying to protect himself, â€Å"by taking on with a vengeance the identity implied in the vocational track† (187). Rose himself was lucky, switching to College Prep and meeting a belated beatnik intellectual-turned-educator named Jack MacFarland, and a hard-nosed science teacher named Brother Clint. These characters brought a college preparatory curriculum to a place and students who had never seen it before. And Rose reveals how classism and racism most often prevent that from happening, wasting entire American populations in entire communities deliberately, all while demanding higher â€Å"standards† and â€Å"accountability,† when the real efforts are never made, save in name and sprinkled across the land as media headlines. Rose’s essay reveals the multitude of challenges that students face, from struggles with family at ages that leave them ill-prepared to handle the emotional fall-out, to struggles with the emergence into a broader American world, to engaging in their own developing sexuality and its uncertain role in the context of their lives: work, and dreams, and the sense of possibilities of what life can or cannot be. I think Rose does a great job bringing this school in South Los Angeles to life. I can hear Ken Harvey, and see Jack MacFarland. When we hear him diagnose Ken’s problem, and his response to it, he’s very believable. He describes how kids get assigned to Voc. Ed. , being defined as â€Å"slow. † And he reveals the results: â€Å"You’ll have to shut down, have to reject intellectual stimuli or diffuse them with sarcasm, have to cultivate stupidity. † I wonder though, what he thinks the answers are. Is it smaller classes, or teachers that care? Obviously, Brother Clint and Jack MacFarland are teachers that care, and work hard to connect with every student. But not all teachers are like that, right?

Telecommunications and Networking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Telecommunications and Networking - Article Example The rise of ICT and electronics brought tremendous advancement to communications technology which had grown from the ordinary Morse code, to simple telephony, and recently through visual telecommunication, and finally to the advent of wireless systems. The impact of this progress hastened the speed and the convenience of delivering and receiving valuable information with vividness and precision. Modern society has become so agile with the fast pace of life, businesses, and the need for mobile technologies has also increased. Developments cope with these needs and telecommunications became mobile with cellular pagers, cellular phones, and recently with mobile videophones. Surely telecommunications is accessible wherever you are in the world. If this technology did exist during WWII, Pearl Harbor tragedy could not have happened. The pace of development along the field of ICT and telecommunication seems so fast that new technologies emerged and changes in monthly basis. Ideas keep coming out every single day and before you know it, what is in today is pass' by the end of the semester. Take for example the emergence of wireless communication technologies. Before we know it the once popular analog mobile phones has gone so far to integrate computing and mobile internet access in just a span of three generations. That is a lot of time if you think of it but to appreciate the progress its better understood in terms of what had changed so far since the first cellular communication device was introduced. We can even trace back our discussion of the history of wireless communications from 0G or Zero generations when telephone systems was still operator assisted with very limited channels. But we have to begin our exploration from First generation (1G) to third generations (3G) of modern mobile communications, a gro wing family of wireless technology. The First Generation (1G) "The big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction of analog cellular service called AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service)" (Shepler, 2005). The first generation technologies of wireless communications are analog cellular phones. Based on record the 1G era covers the 1980s. The first mobile phone systems, called as "cellular mobile radio telephone" used analog radio signals which are transmitted via a less developed networks of repeaters such as those used by amateur radio operators.. Analog signals are continuous electrical signals that vary in time and variations follow that of the original non-electric signal to make them analogous hence the name analog (Net Tel Information Center, 2004). In analog technologies, the voice signals are transmitted via a base carrier in a form of an alternating current which frequency is changed and varied to match the original signal, amplified, then transmitted via the networks. This system is still used in some landline telephon es and radio broadcasts today. Among the first 1G systems introduced was in 1979, with Japan's Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland's Nordic Mobile Telephone (MBT) system launched in 1981, and the Total Access Communication System (TACS), deployed in the United Kingdom in 1983 (Britannica Online, 2008). The Second Generation (2G) The birth of digital

Evaluate the risk exposure to commercial bank whilst they endeavour to Essay

Evaluate the risk exposure to commercial bank whilst they endeavour to maximize their revenues within profitable lending - Essay Example It is the most common risk experienced by banks in lending. It occurs when customers are unable to meet their obligations, fall due and causes the bank to suffer a loss. Different bank transactions that cause the credit risk may result from the lending made to the governments, individuals, and companies. Second, it may result from lending money in exchange for security bonds. Commercial banks also exchange lending with shares, swaps, trade finance transactions, and other items. The probability of risk increased due to the different items that may cause the credit risk. The risk increase in the event, the bank fails to evaluate the customer credit worthiness. It is more probable to lose a huge sum of money when commercial banks offer huge loans to customers without proper credit rating. The risk results from market rate fluctuations. Normally, the banks allow customers to deposit money in the bank at a certain rate. Subsequently, banks give out the money in the form of loans at a rate higher than the one paid to depositors. Commercial banks risk a loss when the government control lowers the lending interest rates. If the lending interest’s rates decrease below the interest rate provided to depositor’s commercial banks may experience difficulties paying back the money to the depositors. The probability and the severity of loss increase when the government exercises serious controls in the monetary market. The interest rate risk affects the currents earnings of a firm and the present value of the future cash flows due to changes in the interest factor value. The depositors in a bank may withdraw their deposits from the bank any time as long as they do not violate the terms agreed. At the same time, the bank may offer huge sums of loan against few deposits made by customers. In case the customers decide withdraw their deposits, the funds will be unavailable. The liquidity risk is the probability that the bank will

The Human Population Explosion on a Finite Planet Essay

The Human Population Explosion on a Finite Planet - Essay Example The exponential growth of the world’s population is a fact that is undisputed by many scholars concerned with the ecological support the world can comfortably offer, which has created a growing concern about whether the world can eventually support future generations given that the population has shown no signs of declining (Hauser, 1979). Currently, the world’s population stands at more than 7 billion and it is expected to hit a higher record because the populations in the developing world are still growing at very high rates since people their people have not been exposed to family control methods that are, currently being used in the developed world. One of the reasons that have contributed to this is the lack of education that has led to higher levels of illiteracy. Therefore, it is, undoubtedly the world’s population would hit the expected 9 billion mark by 2050 (Meyer & Turner, 1992). Safety has become a major challenge today due to human encroachment on unsafe areas that have often led to the loss of life and property. For instance, human beings have encroached areas prone to floodplains and tsunamis, and this has caused a number of loss of lives whenever catastrophes have struck. Most of these areas, which were 30 years ago sparsely populated have now registered a high number of people due to human encroachment (Hauser, 1979). Moreover, because land has become a scarce resource people have now moved to occupy lands that were formerly being used for agriculture. All these has been attributed lar to population explosion, which has seen many people moving to urban areas due to rural-urban migration. This has reduced the population that was actively engaged in farming and thus leading to the food shortage in some parts of the world (Bouvier & Bertrand, 1999).

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Questions - Assignment Example If it were not for the allowance of the comments, the verdict would not be the same in the case. The police would not police violate a suspect’s Fourth Amendment rights against unlawful search and seizure by secretly placing a GPS tracking device on the suspect’s car for an extended time without first securing a warrant to do so. The warrant should be for a good cause and backed by an oath with description of what to be searched. The constitution is not clear on what extend the public nudity scope is. This is the constitutional challenge on this case. In the case of T See City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U, the owners of Kandyland should not be held liable since there is constitutional space for debate. This should be an opportunity for setting the debate straight. This is backed by the 5th amendment of the bill of rights, where no person shall be held to answer to infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger (McDams

Legal issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legal issues - Essay Example Secondly, a punishment may be imposed to an employee in case they use abusive language at work sites. The person should be proved guilty to deserve the punishment before any punishment is imposed to the employee (Deipo & Guerin, 2011). There are different kinds of discipline imposed to the employee depending on the mistake done. Suspension is one of the kinds of discipline imposed to the employee. This is a temporary or an immediate removal of an employee from the work place with no pay as a consequence of the wrong done. The nature of misconduct should be included on the notice of suspension (Caisley, 2008). Secondly, a financial penalty may be used if gotten preferably. This type of penalty is appropriate in a situation involving isolated post where scheduling suspension and replacement of an employee may be difficult. The nature of misconduct should also be outlined in the notice without any correction (Davies, 2011). In conclusion, discipline is essential in any working environment. It shapes the working ethics of the organization leading to success. That is why various punishments are imposed to violators of the

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Global Warming - Essay Example rs, and predominantly over the past 50 years.   Indeed, greenhouse gases have very probable caused more warming than has been detected, which is attributable to the off-setting cooling result from aerosol emissions by human. Huber and Knutti’s find that if the same trend persist, we will reach 2 °C above pre-industrial levels in the next few decades. According to National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) research in the United State, conducted in 2010, there was a finding that the ecosphere or the world can warm or cool, without any human interventions. The notion that global warming is a normal and a natural cycle is well stipulated from paleo data. This data covers the past one million years. According to these research for the past one million years the ordinary and natural climate has wavered from warm periods then ice ages. This fluctuating in and out of warm eras and ice ages is interrelated sturdily with Milankovitch phases. With the purpose of understanding the dissimilarity between natural cycle and human-caused/subjective global warming, one needs to reflect on variations in radiative coercing and how this affects systems on the globe such as the ocean chemistry, atmosphere, ice and snow, vegetation and ocean heat content inversion cycles and linked effects. The present radiative coercing levels are obviously outside of the realm of natural cycle array. The article by Huber and knutti is more convincing and conclusive as the research methodology used are clear and over a short period of time compared to the later which the data is collected from unreliable observations and assumptions over the last one million

The social division in America Essay Example for Free

The social division in America Essay There are different sectors in the society when social injustices against the African-American race are committed within the American society. This is clearly demonstrated within the governmental policies that are made within the American society that are mostly favorable of the White Americans alone. There are different situations when the injustice against the African-American race is pursued by several sectors of the American community. As for example, in employment procedures, there is a widespread color discrimination that keeps the Black American race from obtaining the best employment there is to support their living. As a result, only the low-level employment positions are left available for the said racial group. Although this situation does not happen all the time, there are only a few accounts when the African-American races are able to land higher positions than rank and file jobs. Aside from entering a certain job position, the said discrimination happens even when the individual is already able to obtain a certain working position. A case on this matter reads: â€Å"A black employee was subjected to a barrage of racial epithets, culminating in an incident where white co-workers placed a noose around his neck in the company bathroom and choked him. The employer did not stop its employees, including managers, from harassing the employee on the basis of his race (black) and subjecting him to a racially hostile work environment including verbal and physical abuse. † (Source: EEOC got a $1 million settlement of a racial harassment case. http://www. lawmemo. com/blog/discrimination_race/index. html). From this particular case, it could be observed that many among the American employers still see the African-American race as a lower level of human community that makes it harder for them to avoid racial discrimination cases that holds them responsible for not being able to attend to the needs and complaints of their Black American employees as well as they are able to attend to the needs of their White American employees. When it comes to incarceration practices, it could be observed that the situation is almost the same. The favor is usually given to the white Americans. It could be noted than in dealing with different cases, the courts in the United States have a hard time becoming much objective when the issue involves the racial differences of the whites versus the blacks. As noted in the study of the group of George Borjas: â€Å"Some studies note that the trend in black incarceration rates was shaped by the crack epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s. The invention of crack cocaine in the early 1980s represented a technological innovation that greatly increased the profitability of the cocaine trade. As illegal drug markets expanded, crime rose (Grogger and Willis, 2000). Many jurisdictions responded by increasing both drug arrests and the likelihood of imprisonment for convicted arrestees (Boggess and Bound, 1997). Crack and its consequences were concentrated in African-American communities, in part because pre-existing black gangs acted to profit from the expanding drug trade (Fryer et al, 2005). † (Source:http://irpshome. ucsd. edu/faculty/gohanson/BorjasGroggerHanson. pdf) Individual and intellectual inferiority then is the primary result that is received by the entire American society. This particular problem affects the people as individuals, their opinions and their views with regards themselves begin to become inferior. True, discrimination among races in different fields of social division have and impact on people as individuals. Conclusion To be able to regulate the said situation, the black race tried to create some policies of absolutely separating themselves from the White society to be able to avoid dealing with the different problems of the said discriminative acts. Political commentators in the Republic of South Africa are not slow to draw attention to the racial turmoil boiling up in other countries. In this they feel they find some justification for the South African policy of apartheid, an Afrikaans word literally meaning â€Å"separateness. † However, in the minds of South Africa’s critics, apartheid represents the last word in racial intolerance and injustice. They argue that apartheid is degrading and is but an expression of selfish racialism to protect the interests of the white man in that part of Africa. South Africans hotly deny this. In efforts to justify their government’s policy, political commentators make much use of the expression â€Å"separate development† as a synonym for apartheid. The policy, they argue, is not just to separate people by race, but, rather, to provide opportunities for each race to develop according to its own culture, abilities and social habits. In support of this view these political commentators point to the government-sponsored â€Å"Bantustans† or â€Å"homelands† for the African people of various tribes. In these they can enjoy a large measure of internal self-government and develop almost as a state within a state. Efforts have been made to encourage white industrialists to establish factories on the borders of the â€Å"Bantustans† (called â€Å"border industries†). This would provide opportunity for employment in those areas that are mostly underdeveloped from the industrial viewpoint. However, it could not be denied that with all the efforts placed forward by the Black American society, they could still not attain of the freedom that they ought to experience. The social equality that they always wanted has not been completely experienced at al, not yet at this period of time. The realization of the society of the fact that everyone deserves to be treated equally regardless of the color of the skin of a certain race shall be the only key that could regulate the situation that invades the African-American society. References: George Borjas. IMMIGRATION AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES: THE RESPONSE OF WAGES, EMPLOYMENT, AND INCARCERATION TO LABOR SUPPLY SHOCKS. http://irpshome. ucsd. edu/faculty/gohanson/BorjasGroggerHanson. pdf. (May 24, 2007). EEOC got a $1 million settlement of a racial harassment case. http://www. lawmemo. com/blog/discrimination_race/index. html. (May 24, 2007). The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Questions and Answers About Race and Color Discrimination in Employment. http://www. eeoc. gov/policy/docs/qanda_race_color. html. (May 24, 2007). Jonathan Richardson. (2006). The Complicated Life of the African-American Man (Whats on His Mind). Now Its Done Inc. Asafa Jalata. (2002). Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization: Comparing the African American and Oromo Movements. Palgrave Macmillan. Francis Njubi Nesbitt. (2004). Race for Sanctions: African Americans Against Apartheid, 1946-1994. Indiana University Press. Gloria J. Browne-Marshall. (2007). Race, Law, and American Society: 1607 to Present (Criminology and Justice Studies). Routledge; 1 edition. The African Development Bank. (2002). African Development Report 2002: Rural Development and Poverty Reduction in Africa (African Development Report). Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition. American Federation Federation. (2003). American Co Mason Official Bulletin of the American Federation of Human Rights 1932. Kessinger Publishing. Donald Wright. (2000). African Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins through the American Revolution (The American History Series). Harlan Davidson; 2nd edition.

President Wilson Urges Support for Ideal of League of Nations Essay Example for Free

President Wilson Urges Support for Ideal of League of Nations Essay After the end of World War One, President Woodrow Wilson sought national support for his idea of a League of Nations. He took his appeal directly to the American people in the summer of nineteen nineteen. The plan for the League of Nations was part of the peace treaty that ended World War One. By law, the United States Senate would have to vote on the treaty. President Wilson believed the Senate would have to approve it if the American people demanded it. So Wilson traveled across America. He stopped in many places to speak about the need for the League of Nations. He said the league was the only hope for world peace. It was the only way to prevent another world war. Wilsons health grew worse during the long journey across the country. He was forced to return to Washington. The Senate was completing debate on the Treaty of Versailles. That was the World War One peace agreement that contained Wilsons plan for the league. It seemed clear the Senate would reject the treaty. Too many Senators feared the United States would lose some of its independence and freedom if it joined the league. Wilson wrote a letter from his sick bed, to the other members of the Democratic Party. He urged them to continue debate on the League of Nations. He said a majority of Americans wanted the treaty approved. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee agreed to re-open discussion on the treaty. It searched yet again for a compromise. Wilson refused. He said the treaty must be approved as written. Wilsons unwillingness to compromise helped kill the treaty once and for all. The Senate finally voted again, and the treaty was defeated by seven votes. The treaty was dead. Yet history would prove him correct, and the Second World War would be far more destructive than the first. The debate over the Treaty of Versailles was the central issue in American politics during the end of Woodrow Wilsons administration. It also played a major part in the presidential election of nineteen twenty.

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay The nature of inequalities between men and women dates back to the sociologist view of Emile Durkheim, and the idea of social facts and the essence of an individuals ability to act independently of the obstacles that deter from their personal right of achieving social equality (Ferrante 5). As Durkheim lay the groundwork for gender inequalities in society, the inequalities in leadership roles in the workplace are also in turn modeled by a societys hierarchical structure or choice of social agency. Furthermore, the patriarchal social structure in the workforce in which women are seen as inferior is perpetuated by the collective social belief of female inferiority and a male dominance of power, as created by a mutual interaction between men and women. Since the womens rights movement, the presence of women in the workforce has been increasing greatly, but discrimination and inequality in earnings is still prevalent in leadership positions. The nature of gender inequalities in society h ave laid the foundation for a structured system of inequality in the workforce while simultaneously reinforcing the social construct of male dominance and the psychological belief of self inferiority in females. The nature of gender inequalities in leadership positions can be partially attributed to the viewpoint of Emile Durkheim in relation to social facts and the effect of a social structure that invests most power in males. Werner J. Cahnman and Joseph Maiers article on sociologist, Emile Durkheim, in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, highlights Durkheims inquiries on social inequalities that are still prevalent today. Durkheims legacy was partially created by the connection he made between a social fact and its affect on societal structures, such as occupational status. According to Durkheim, because society is above man and penetrates man [at the same time], it is ultimately the only thing that has the power to [. . .] submit them to rules of conduct, to privations, and to the kind of sacrifice without which society would be impossible (Cahnman and Maier 63). Durkheim suggests that the individual of society experiences an indirect dependence by focusing his attention on everything essential t o the maintenance of society: its principle norms, values, institutions, its sacred symbols, and as a result, they are subject to obey the popular belief of a hierarchical structure. This in turn leads to a distinct gender inequality between men and women (Cahnman and Maier 63). The opposing force of an authoritative societal structure is agency. According to writers Terri Apter and Elizabeth Garnsey of the Womens Studies International Forum, the sociological debate of structure and agency emphasizes the individuals capacity to act independently of structural constraints (20). Whereas Durkheim suggested that society maintains stability and structure through the individuals submission to structure, agency advocates for the individual to be an active participant in society and face the constraints of society head on. As women are constantly perceived as inadequate active citizens in their society, they have learned to internalize the social constraints and reinforce the perception of females in society as the inferior counterpart of males. The nature behind this hierarchical social structure that gives way to gender inequalities in the workforce is partially affected by psychological constraints that women experience through the structural constraints of society. Apter and Garnsey explain that social actions refer to the interactions and mutuality of experiences between the participants of society to formulate a common belief stemming from constructional constraints in society (19). Furthermore, as the belief of male superiority and female inferiority is formulated as a common conception, the womans failure to act independently of social constraints prevents [her] from asserting their rights and successfully challenging the status quo in which [she] has an unequal share (Apter and Garnsey 21). Women have been socialized to accept social constraints, causing an overall lack of agency that is essential to obtaining positions at the top of the hierarchical social structure. Societal gender inequalities were first formulat ed centuries ago, with causes stemming from social constraints working against women as enforced by the male dominance and the females submission to the societys structural hierarchies. The American Psychological Association released the article, Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders in the Psychological Review in July of 2002, to highlight the blatant prejudices toward women in leadership positions, as well as the obstacles women face in their endeavor to reach the top. Researchers Alice H. Eagly and Steven J. Karau state in this article that leadership has been predominantly a male prerogative in corporate, political, military, and other sectors of society and although women have, indeed, gained increased access to supervisory and middle management positions, they continue to remain quite rare as elite leaders and top executives (575). While women have come far from the times before the Womens Rights movement, there is still room for improvement, as societal con straints continue to hinder a womans occupation of a leadership role in the workforce. The causes behind workforce gender inequality is undoubtedly a product of societal constraints that inhibit a womans upward strive to leadership. The belief of male superiority in the workforce is reinforced as the terms of male power rest on the assumption that society is structured to support male interests (Apter and Garnsey 19-20). This belief of male superiority has perpetuated a distinct gender segregation that has been a long acting force in nearly every aspect of a womans life, as prejudice against women causes and continues job segregation at work, while directly and indirectly men maintain that power in the home (Apter and Garnsey 21). Because women often are expected to stay home and help create a family unit, women are viewed as largely powerless when faced with such structures as the educational system and job segregation, which appear in crucial ways to embody male power (Apter and Garnsey 20). As a result, a females worth is often determined by the male population, and the possibility of success is limited. As social constraints block upward mobility, women have become socialized to psychologically limit themselves as a gender in their vocations, allowing the male gender to take on the role of superiority. This is emphasized by Apter and Garnsey in the Womens Studies International Forum suggests that women are seen from this perspective to take a shrewd measure of the cost of success in male terms in a male world and, accordingly, to choose different goals and other means of achieving them (20). This viewpoint suggests that the inequalities in gender are not only enforced by powerful male figures, but also by the female population instead. According to this perspective, if women freed themselves psychologically, if they changed their outlook, they could take action to remedy inequalities (Apter and Garnsey 20). As society has formulated a belief of female inferiority, the possibility in both a woman and mans mind of a woman reaching an elitist position of leadership in the workforce i s seen as completely unattainable. The main reason that perpetuates the job inequalities between men and women in the workforce can be attributed to the blatant discrimination of womens entrance into previously male dominated jobs. The article, Gender Inequality Across Local Wage Hierarchies by Matt L. Huffman explains this gender discrimination and the limitations of female workers. Huffman states that the explanation behind gender inequality jobs include a cultural devaluation of work done by women as well as the fact that hiring discrimination restricting womens access to some jobs inevitably results in occupational crowding that drives down pay in female-dominated jobs (324). Huffman accordingly inquires that another mechanism in perpetuating this inequality is in the ability of powerful groups (such as men) to monopolize the most powerful positions in organizations which can be found in jobs that ensue the highest skill requirements, opportunities for advancement, and/or chances to exercise authority (325). Huffm an furthers his argument by conceptually calling his claim a social closure process in which gender inequality is created and sustained through the allocation of women and men into positions that differ along key pay-related dimensions (325). Huffman argues that societies function to maintain the dominant groups interest by sustaining existing inequalities in workplace through power and rewards (325). This social closure process coincides with the sociological term the glass ceiling effect of which blocks womens social mobility into the upper levels in organizational hierarchies as it explains the constant limitation experienced by women in climbing the ladder of success when in competition with male authoritative figures. Accordingly, studies have shown that within the presence of the glass ceiling effect, increased inequality at high levels of an outcome, such as earnings and authority are often present as well (Huffman 326). The inequalities in the workforce can be best understoo d by the wage discrepancies between equal paying jobs of men and women, primarily in leadership positions. The findings from research in this particular area of study on gender inequalities show that there is a noticeable inconsistency between the earnings of men and women not only in equal job statuses, but primarily in positions of leadership as well. Two sociologists, Steven Sweet and Kimberly Baker, designed two learning modules to increase college students understandings of gender and racial inequalities in their intended vocations. The study supplied students with information and data from the census of that particular year, showing that the gender inequalities do exist in todays society and are extremely prevalent. The data show that women under-earn men in 94.1 percent of the students chosen occupations, in 91.1 percent of all occupations, and in 92.4 percent of upper tier occupations (Sweet and Baker 7). Accordingly, it is only found that within 5.5 percent of the students chosen careers, 8.4 percent of all careers, and 7.1 percent of upper tier careers that men and women make eq ual earnings today in America (Sweet and Baker 7). As shown in these statistics, it is nearly impossible to escape gender inequalities in the workforce throughout America. Furthermore, The Psychological Review shows research that coincides with this phenomenon as they collected an array of statistics pertaining to major leadership roles that consistently show inequality, namely: women constitute 4% of the five highest earning officers in Fortune 500 companies and 0. 4% of the CEOs (Catalyst, 2000); 13% of senators, 14% of congressional representatives, and 10% of state governors (Center for the American Woman and Politics, 2001); and 2% of military officers at the level of brigadier general and rear admiral or higher (U.S. Department of Defense, 1998) (Eagly and Karau 573). As the preceding statistics show, women representation in the elite power jobs is highly limited; despite the fact that the number of women in the workforce has been steadily increasing. According to the New York Times, throughout the 1900s and 2000s, and until this recession, women occupied less than 49 percent of the workforce. However, that percent has now crossed the 50 percent threshold for the first time (Mulligan). Yet despite this achievement, women make only 77.5 cents for every dollar that men earn and to further these facts, statistics show that as the amount of education a woman has increases, the greater the disparity will be that she will have to accommodate for; stating that women in specialty occupations were found to earn just 72.7 percent of what men in the same occupation were earning (Mulligan). Although womens rights have come a long way since the predating times of the Womens Rights Movement, there is still a blatantly obvious discrimination towards women in the workforce, hindering the gender from attaining the success that society has strictly deemed achievable for the male species only.

Feminism in Braided Lives :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminism in Braided Lives Marge Piercy is well known for her feminist views and attitudes throughout her novels. Braided Lives is no exception. The novel follows Piercy's pattern of feminist writing. The characters in the novel are victims of society's crimes towards women. The protagonist, Jill, deals with many issues including rape and abortion. Due to her own experiences with these issues, it becomes her passion to help others in the same situation. Jill constantly strives to be in control of her own life; this struggle is another facet of the feminist movement. The goal of the novel is to "make its readers pay more attention to the current attack on legal abortion, and make them more eager to defend the imperiled gains of the women's movement" (Pollitt 378). Jill and her female companions encounter many difficult situations involving rape. At age 14, Jill is attacked by her boyfriend Freddie. This occurs at a time when Jill is first discovering her own sexuality and who she is. This experience has an effect on Jill into adulthood. In the novel, she speaks of this experience four years later, when she is preparing to leave for college. Jill recalls this event in vivid detail. I see his face hard and angry and I remember the terror that gripped me on the kitchen floor when I realized he wasn't going to listen to my firm loud nos that time. Terror twitched me violently... (30). Jill's cousin and roommate, Donna, is violently raped by a townie. Donna comes to Jill after the rape has taken place. She has been beaten both physically and emotionally. Piercy describes the rape and the aftermath of the rape in great detail. dedicating several pages to describing the horrific acts. Jill won't leave Donna's side and nurses her back to health. Jill takes it upon herself to defend and protect Donna against the man who raped her. This is just one of many times in which Jill defends and protects her female friends against society throughout Braided Lives. Fighting for a woman's right for an abortion becomes Jill's passion in life. This is a result of her own experiences and those of her friends. When Jill is a freshman in college she becomes pregnant by her boyfriend. Neither is ready for the responsibility of marriage or a child.

Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho :: Film Movies

An Analysis of the Opening Sequence from Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho Just like a building, a film needs a strong foundation in order to be successful, a foundation which is made up of the starting moments of the film. In Psycho, Alfred Hitchcock successfully uses the opening credit sequence to establish a foundation on which to build an interesting plot, including techniques to elicit involvement by the spectator, and the suggestion of a "Psycho" theme. A musical composition consisting of quick strokes on tightly wound violins, later used in the famous shower scene, starts to play at the beginning of the sequence. Names begin to slide on and off the screen in a series of horizontal and vertical lines. The top and bottom portions of the names slide onto the screen, followed by the middle portion. The last name to appear is that of Alfred Hitchcock, which settles in the middle of the screen and begins to twitch and flutter in an unusual manner. The credits then dissolve into a long shot of an auspicious section of an unknown city where a building is being constructed (paralleling the idea of Hitchcock shaping a foundation). As this dissolve takes place, a more subtle and mellow music (again composed of string instruments) fills the air, suggesting a stable environment. The sun burns brightly in the sky and a desert landscape is seen in the background through a haze. The shot immediately begins to pan slowly to the right, revealing more city rooftops and streets. As a dissolve zooms us slightly closer to the city and the camera continues to pan, small block letters appear on both sides of the screen and converge in the middle to read "PHOENIX, ARIZONA." Hitchcock immediately brings the reoccurring theme of birds into the film by setting the scenery in "Phoenix." The camera continues to pan to the right, now moving on to a more dreary side of the city. The next set of titles converges in the center of the screen, reading "FRIDAY, DECEMBER ELEVENTH." As the panning continues, a slow zoom begins to bring us closer to one of the buildings. The last title appears in the same fashion as the preceding, "TWO FORTY-THREE P.M." Yet another dissolve stops the camera on a rather unattractive wall, slowly zooming in on a window with Venetian blinds drawn down. A cut to a closer view of the window reveals an opening a few inches below the blind in which the camera continues to zoom in on, bringing us into a dark apartment room.

The Detrimental Effects Acid Rain

With scientists and so-called â€Å"experts† on the environment disagreeing on so many issues, it is easy for the public to be lost in the fray of what is truth and what is media hype. Though the term â€Å"acid rain† has been present in our society since the early 1970†³s, many people are not exactly clear on what it is what causes it, and the detrimental effects acid rain has on our environment. More confusing than all of the facts and scientific theories surrounding acid rain is the development of a suitable solution to reduce air pollution, which in turn leads to acid rain. Many experts do not agree that acid rain has in fact been caused by man made pollution because of the fact that rain is naturally acidic. This widespread disagreement delayed international action to reduce pollution for some time. However, with the coming of the 1970†³s an awareness of acid rain spread, and with that awareness, possible solutions were proposed. These solutions involved making environmental changes on the international, industrial, and personal levels. Just how does acid rain form, and what consequences does it pose to our environment? There are numerous theories as to the cause of acid rain. However, the most prevalent is the theory that electric generating plants, heating plants, and other industrial plants have been emitting an excess amount of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic chemicals (VOC†s) into the atmosphere. Once these chemicals are in the air, they react with water to form acids and fall back to the earth as precipitation. People who believe acid rain is a natural phenomenon do so because of the fact that carbon dioxide in the air combines with water vapor and produces carbonic acid (Bolch 95). There are several environmental risks that come with acid rain. One of these is the acidification of lakes, resulting in the lakes† inability to sustain the aquatic life. In fact, Norway reported that 18,000 out of 85,000 of their lakes were acidified, and more than half of their fish population has disappeared (Brunee 23). Ground water can also become more acidic because of the way acid rain depletes the natural buffer system of the soil. Studies done in the early '70†³s indicate immense damage done to the forests, especially in Eastern Europe and in Germany. A sort of â€Å"tree disease† has been destroying a large percentage of the coniferous trees. The effect of acid rain on wildlife could include the contamination of the entire food chain by causing heavy metal accumulation in aquatic life. The effects that acid rain has on humans has not been effectively studied. However, scientists believe that occurrences of respiratory diseases such as asthma may be on the rise. Acid rain is also causing many historical buildings around the world to erode and decay at an increasingly higher rate. Since the early 1970†³s, many efforts have been made to reduce the air pollution that causes acid rain. The United States government passed the first Clean Air Act in 1972. This act established standards of air quality in order to protect public health. It also required states to submit plans for attainment of these standards. The second Clean Air Act passed in1990 took regulation of air pollutant emissions a step further. It called for a further reduction in car tailpipe emissions, as well as mandating the development of cleaner fuels to be used in metropolitan areas. It listed 189 specific toxic chemicals to be regulated as hazardous air pollutants, as well as establishing a new permitting program for stationary sites of industrial air pollution. These sources of air pollution were now required to have an EPA-issued operating permit that specified allowable emissions (Kraft 87). These governmental controls have effectively reduced air pollution in our country, but at what cost? Writer, Michael E. Kraft asks the question that burns in many of our minds. â€Å"How clean is clean enough? How safe is safe enough, considering available technology and costs? † Initiatives to help meet proposed air quality standards are extremely costly, and they impose substantial burdens on the state and local government. The level of spending on air pollution control in 1972 was $8 billion. By 1990 that figure has risen to $30 billion (Meiners 5). Many experts doubt that money was spent wisely by the government, and claim that the same amount of reduction in air pollution could have been attained using half of the money spent if the government was more efficient. Obviously the U. S. overnment has taken a stand against pollution, and has paid the extremely high financial costs. Many people are quick to point the environmental finger at less developed countries and ask why they are not going to such measures to reduce their own pollution. Like many other things, this too comes down to money. There is a drastic inequality among the rich and the poor nations. This has a large impact on the ability of those poorer countries to address environmental concerns. In 1991, the richest 20% of the nations received 85% of the world income, while the poorest 20% received only a mere 1. % (Sandler 20). In order to effectively solve any global problem, the nations who are most affected by the problem, and would benefit the most from a solution must take on an active role in the resolution of the problem. If these countries take an aggressive and public stand on fighting and reducing their own pollution, other countries will follow their lead (Sandler 148). A large group of nations are cooperating in order to solve a global problem; they form a sort of power, or clout that is effective in pressuring other nations to join the fight. Such cooperation and discussion between nations is crucial in olving an environmental problem like acid rain and air pollution because of the fact that one country†s pollution will often harm neighboring countries. If a couple of nations take a stand against pollution while the others sit idly and watch, what benefit will the efforts result in? The fact that the Earth†s population is increasing at a frighteningly high rate is no surprise to most of us. We have heard time and again about the inability of the earth to sustain such a high population. This constant increase in population is causing an extreme increase in energy needs, which is leading to more pollution. Some scientists claim that if the population increase does not stabilize, it will be almost impossible to effectively control and reduce pollution with our current technology and methods of controlling pollution (Sandler 21). Science and technology play an important role in the reduction of air pollution. When there is a better understanding of a problem it can be handled with a greater efficiency. Scientists claim that nitrogen oxide emissions can be lowered through improved efficiency and conservation, especially in residential and commercial uses. Installing low nitrogen oxide burners will reduce the nitrogen oxide emissions. Setting emission standards on vehicles can cut pollution from mobile sources. New vehicles can incorporate improved emissions technology. Sulfur emissions can be reduced through the use of low-sulfur coal and oil, as well as flue-gas desulfurization for power plants. The implementation and use of hydro electricity, solar power, tidal energy, geothermal energy, and wind power have all been proposed as possible solutions to the problem of air pollution. Reducing air pollution is a very complicated task because of the involvement and support it requires from foreign nations, and the industrial world. A much less recognized, but equally important level of involvement is that from the public. It is extremely easy for the public to point their fingers at big business and demand a change for the improvement of our environment, without properly examining their personal effect on the problem. Why is the public seemingly oblivious about the ways that they can help reduce this problem? It is possible that they have been confused by differing opinions, and left out of the process of implementing possible solutions, which has alienated. Consensus among scientists can speed agreement on how to respond to hazards† (Kraft 18). Though this consensus would be ideal, it is not often the case due to growing uncertainties about health and environmental effects. â€Å"A more promising alternative is to improve the way scientists conduct risk assessments and discuss them with the public and stakeholders. Credibility and trust are crucial ingredients in effective assessment and management of risks. Providing opportunities for thorough discussions of the issues at hand and consideration of public views will inspire confidence in any proposed action† (Kraft 18). While some people are simply unaware of the problem of air pollution by the public, others are simply lazy. An extreme dependence on modern conveniences has contributed to this. Driving cars to every possible destination, no matter how near, seems to be an epidemic in this country. Luckily, the cure is a simple one. Alternative forms of environmentally sound transportation are usually readily available to those who are willing to utilize them. Public transportation, car-pooling, bike riding, and walking are just a few ways to cut the pollution that the public sector is responsible for. If the government had not stepped in and taken a stand for the environment, pollution levels would undoubtedly be awful today. The industrial decision-makers are too often blind to the needs and concerns of the environment because of the financial burden that environmental protection entails. And while most of the air pollution does come from industrial sites, we all could and should do our own part to help resolve this problem. Sooner or later we have all got to realize that in order to save the environment from disaster, we are going to have to be willing to sacrifice some of the conveniences that we have become so accustomed to.

Abortion Persuasive Speech

Introduction Abortion is one of the most debatable and controversial issues that exist today in our society. There are people who support the idea that it should be a choice of each and every woman – whether to do it or not, while others claim that no one has a power to decide, whether to bring life on the planet, or put an end to it. (writings) I believe that there is no other option than to choose life. 1. ) In my opinion many women are very unaware of how fast a baby develops. A. ) At three weeks the heart begins to beat with the child's own blood and the backbone spinal column and nervous system are forming.Also liver, kidneys and intestines begin to take shape. B. ) By week five eyes, legs, and hands begin to develop. C. ) By eight week the baby can begin to hear and every organ is in place, bones begin to replace cartilage, and fingerprints begin to form. D. ) At week twelve the baby has all of the parts necessary to experience pain, including nerves, spinal cord, and th alamus. Vocal cords are complete and the baby can suck its thumb. E. ) By twenty weeks the baby recognizes its' mothers voice and you can tell the sex. (Development) 2. Most women facing an unplanned pregnancy who opt for an abortion do so early on; just over 61% take place in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, and 88% occur in the first trimester, before the 13th week of pregnancy. Only 10% of abortions occur in the second trimester, between the 13th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. (Lowen) A. ) There are two different types of abortions: Surgical abortions and Medical Abortions. a. As the name suggests, medical abortions do not involve surgery or other invasive methods but rely on medications to end pregnancy. Lowen) i. A medical abortion involves taking the drug mifepristone; often called ‘the abortion pill,' its generic name is RU-486 and its brand name is Mifeprex. Mifepristone is not available over the counter and must be provided by a health care professional. A woman seeking a medical abortion can obtain one through a doctor's office or clinic and should expect two or more visits to complete the process, as another drug, misoprostol, must be taken to terminate the pregnancy. (Lowen) b.All surgical abortions are medical procedures that must be done in a health care provider's office or clinic. There are several different surgical abortion options. ii. Aspiration is an abortion procedure that can be performed on a woman up to 16 weeks after her last period. Aspiration, also known as vacuum aspiration, suction aspiration or D&A (dilation and aspiration), involves the insertion of a tube through the dilated cervix into the uterus. Gentle suction removes fetal tissue and empties the uterus. iii.In some circumstances, a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette is used to scrape the uterine lining to remove any remaining tissue. This procedure is called a D&C (dilation and curettage. ) iv. Dilation and evacuation (D&E) is typically performed during the second trimester (between the 13th and 24th week of pregnancy. ) Similar to a D&C, a D&E involves other instruments (such as forceps) along with suction to empty the uterus. In later second-trimester abortions, a shot administered through the abdomen may be necessary to ensure fetal demise before the D&E begins. Lowen) Conclusion All in all I believe that medical and/or surgical abortions should be illegal. I don’t believe anything can justify an abortion, because you are intentionally ending a human life. Works Cited Development, Fetal. http://www. nrlc. org/abortion/facts/fetaldevelopment. html. n. d. Lowen, Linda. http://womensissues. about. com/od/reproductiverights/a/AbortionTypes. htm. n. d. writings, Paper. http://www. paperwritings. com/free-examples/persuasive-speech-on-abortion. html. n. d.

Farewell Party for Miss Pushpa

Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa. T. S. by Nissim Ezekiel Nissim Ezekiel is a popular figure in the field of Indian Writing in English. In his lifetime, he has written so many poems like â€Å"The Night of the Scorpion. † and â€Å"Enterprise,† which are entertaining and enlightening. The poem,† Goodbye Party for Miss. Pushpa† comes under his sixth volume of poems, namely â€Å"Hymns in Darkness. † The occasion is a farewell party given to Miss T. S. Pushpa by her friends and colleagues in her office when she leaves for a foreign country to improve her prospects. The speaker wishes her a happy voyage, and praises her for her good qualities.In fact, Nissim Ezekiel makes fun of the way in which semi-educated Indians speak or write the English language. He ridicules the errors in grammar, syntax, and idioms which many Indians commit while speaking the English language. In other words, he mimicks the Indian way of speaking English with so many faults, and th e poem is highly amusing. The speaker says that their dear sister, Miss Pushpa is leaving for a foreign country, and they all wish her bon voyage. In his speech, he again and again uses the present continuous tense instead of the simple present, which creates a ridiculous effect.He says that they â€Å"are all knowing† the sweet nature of Miss Pushpa who â€Å"is smiling and smiling for no reason, but simply because she is feeling†. The speaker goes on to say that her father was a renowned advocate in Bulsar or Surat, and that he is â€Å"not remembering† the correct place. Then he suddenly remembers that the place is Surat. He seems to be a poor speaker when he points out the irrelevant fact that he stayed there once with his uncle’s very old friend whose â€Å"wife was cooking nicely. † Again, the speaker starts praising Miss Pushpa, and says that she is very popular with men and ladies also.Whenever he asked her to do anything, she said,† Just now only I will do it†. Clearly the speaker means Miss Pushpa’s readiness to do any work, and the unnecessary use of â€Å"just† and â€Å"only† exhibits the Indian speaker’s ignorance of the usage of English words, creating laughter and fun. The speaker’s frequent wrong use of the present continuous instead of the simple present is further revealed in his speech when he says that he is always appreciating Miss Pushpa’s good nature, and â€Å"she is always saying yes† when he or anybody â€Å"is asking† any help.The speaker concludes his amusing speech, saying that they are wishing Miss Pushpa bon voyage. He informs that Miss Pushpa ‘will do the summing up†, when the other speakers finish their talk. What he means is that Miss Pushpa will respond to their words of praise in the end. Thus the poet makes fun of the faulty Indian way talking English. THEME: bad and ungrammatical english spoken by people of i ndia.. this poem is a mockery on indian english, not to indians or india

Lemurs in Madagascar: Surviving on an Island of Change Transcript

Lemurs in Madagascar: Surviving on an Island of Change Transcript Speakers: Ian Tattersall, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Michelle Sauther, Frank Cuozzo (Rain trickling, lemur sounds: squeaking and calling) (Music playing in background) IAN TATTERSALL: I think everybody who is involved with lemurs is concerned for the future. We’re in a finite island that cannot infinitely be exploited and ravaged. And if present trends continue, the outlook for any of the natural habitat or any of the lemurs is fairly poor. (Birds chirping) Lemurs are members of the order primates, that is to say the large group of mammals to which human beings also belong.And they’d found they are uniquely in Madagascar and on a couple of the adjacent islands of the Comoros group. (Music playing in background) An evolutionary radiation is the diversification of different species from the same ancestor and once a new kind of organism like a primate comes into a new environment as happened in Madagascar about six ty million years ago; there are many, many different ways in which that environment can be exploited. It’s very hard to say exactly how many species of lemur there are because new species are being described all of the time.But in general terms, there now looks to be about thirty to thirty-five species of lemurs and it shows us just what the potential of primates is to occupy an enormous range of different habitats. (Music playing in background) Habitat destruction takes place on a much shorter time scale than evolutionary change and the amount of change that is happening so rapidly in Madagascar as a result of human activities is clearly something with which no evolutionary process can cope. JONAH RATSIMBAZAFY: Now we are here in Ranomafana National Park in the southeastern rainforest of Madagascar.This place used to be loved by loggers but since the park was created, the forest started to be productive. Here in Ranomafana, there are twelve different species of lemurs. Seven are active during the day and five are active during the night. There are many different ways of studying lemurs. It depends on what you want to look at. (Speaking in background) I look at the behavior and how the behavior fits in the habitat. For example, if you want to know which foot and what prints they rely on because if we can continue to protect the habitat, that will help to protect them or to conserve them.Every five minutes we take note what species of tree, who the closest neighbor is, the closest trail, because we want to know where do they go to estimate the home range and if they eat, what do they eat. Some species cope better than the others. If you are a specialist on your diet and if people cut down your food, you are gone. For example, the bamboo lemur. They exclusively eat bamboo and if people cut down those plants, they are gone. They can disappear very fast. (Music playing in background) IAN TATTERSALL: Different lemurs are affected in different ways by the env ironmental destruction that is going on in Madagascar.Some lemurs are in danger, some are critically endangered, some are vulnerable, and some are threatened. The less vulnerable ones are the ones that do well in secondary habitats, in habitats that have been altered by people. MICHELLE SAUTHER: We’re at a site called Beza Mahafaly, and it incorporates a protective reserve as well as areas outside of the reserve and our research here focuses on the effects of fragmentation and changes in habitat on lemur biology and their behavior. We study lemur catta which is the ring-tailed lemur. It’s the type of lemur most people have seen in zoos.They are one of the most far ranging of the lemurs. They are incredibly adaptable and one of the things that we are kind of interested in is what is the biology of adaptation or what is the biology of avoiding becoming extinct. And because ring-tailed lemurs are so widespread, and that’s not to say they’re not threatened, b ut they seem to be able to deal a lot behaviorally and biologically with habitat change. I think what we’re seeing in terms of the troops we were looking at today is a troop that is actually utilizing some of the anthropogenic change.They will go out and utilize local people’s crops so they are actually exploiting some of the habitat that has been degraded and turned into crop land for their own use. FRANK CUOZZO: In terms of the ring-tailed lemurs, because they are rather generalist, they do seem to adjust to different types of disturbance. As Michelle mentioned a few moments ago, it doesn’t mean that we don’t have to watch out or think about it and it doesn’t mean there aren’t very real threats to long-term survival, but ring-tails specifically seem to deal with things in ways that some of the more specialized lemurs don’t.MICHELLE SAUTHER: But there is always limitations to those though. That’s what we’re trying to un derstand is where are you when you get to the limits of even a ring-tailed lemur in terms of being able to adapt. (Music playing in background) I used to feel depressed when I came here because, again, you see the habitat changing and a lot of fragmentation occurring. I feel a bit better now because we’re trying to really get a handle on what sort of ways you can interact with local people because that is the reality.What you saw around here is the reality of Madagascar. IAN TATTERSAL: I think what we ought to be looking for in terms of conservation is habitats to protect and what we need to do is to find those places where, with the least disturbance to local people or to the greatest benefit of local people, tracks of forest that support the native fauna of Madagascar can be conserved. (Lemur sound) [End of Audio] Copyright  © 2006 by Films Media Group. All rights reserved. Adapted with permission.

Agroclimate Factors of Oil Palm in Nigeria

Agroclimate Factors of Oil Palm in Nigeria EFE S. I. AWARITEFE O. D. ABSTRACT . Using multiple correlation analysis and student ‘t’test, the Agroclimate factors of Oil Palm production was examined for ten years periods. Result showed that Agroclimate factors (sunshine, temperature and rainfall) are highly correlated with oil palm yield. This is evident from a multiple correlation of 74%. It was also observed that oil palm yield is more in the dry season than in the wet season. INTRODUCTION Any agricultural system is a man-made ecosystem that depends on climate to function just like the natural ecosystem. The main climatic elements that affect crop production are solar radiation, temperature and moisture. These climatic parameters and other depend on them, largely determine the global distribution of crops yield and livestock (Ayoade, 1993). He stresses further that climate elements exert an influenced on all stages of the agricultural production chain, including land preparation, sowing, crop growth and manageme nt, harvesting, storage, transport and marketing. This view has earlier be noted by Oguntoyinbo (1983) when he attributed the donation of the cocoa and kola-nut belt in southwest, oil palm bush in southeast and the north south ridge of river Niger comprising area of groundnut, cotton and rice cultivation to these climate vagaries. However, climate influence on oil palm has attracted the attention of some scholars over the years. Amongst whom are Manning (1956), Broekman (1963), Oshodi (1966); and Hartley (1988). An examination of their views shows that Manning (1956), outlined the rainfall requirements of selected food and commercial crops grown in West Africa, and he opined that the mean annual rainfall for oil palm is between 1500— 3000mm in West African Countries. Devuyst (1963) correlated oil palm yield with the influence of rainfall alone; using the concept of useful rainfall. His work however showed a positive correlation. He regarded rainfall as the sole agent influenc ing oil palm yield, and consequently considers any yield maxima to originate in wet season. Broekman (1963) accepted the view of Devuyst but differs in his finding. He stressed that dry season rainfall is positively correlated with oil palm yield. To him, it is reasonable to except that the amount of rainfall during the dry season will be of particular importance, as moisture is a limiting factor during this period. On the other hand, Oshodi (1966) computed the effective growth energy index for some selected crops in Nigeria. The index was however based on only temperature and rainfall. The Effective Growth Energy (E.G.E) for oil palm in Nigeria is 250-300Â °F. Harley (1988) stated that oil palm yields are correlated with dry season rainfall with measures of effective sunshine, which take into account the distribution of such rainfall in’ the dry season. It is clear from the foregoing that rainfall and temperature correlation with oil palm has been substantiated, however, th e relationship between sunshine and oil palm yield, as well as the joint contribution of sunshine, rainfall and temperature, has not be substantiated. Similarly there are divergent views on the relationship between the seasons and oil palm yield. Also, since the establishment of Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) in 1939 there have been a relative neglect in the development of Agroclimatological Research Unit in the institute. While other research units (Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering Research, Agronomy, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Extension and On-Farm Adaptive Research, Entomology, Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology, Plant Physiology and Statistics) have been developed. What exists in that unit is a dilapidated weather station where climate data’s are collected and never used for research purposes. So, the present study of Agroclimatic factors of oil palm yield in Nigeria is borne out of the desire not only to fill the above gaps, but to proffer use ful suggestion that will guide both the oil palm farmers, and the NIFOR officials on the need to plan with the climate of the area. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the extent to which temperature, sunshine and rainfall correlate with oil palm yield.

Segmentation of industrial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Segmentation of industrial markets - Essay Example SIX typical criteria for consideration of choice of Research Company for the firm.SIX typical criteria for consideration of choice of Research Company for the firm.It’s is important to pick the right company for a research company, i.e. before launching a new product, it’s important to know the market and thus a good research company helps in accessing the level of demand. Criteria for consideration of choice of Research Company are 1. The reputation of the company, is good? Check for references and ask for or is recommended by business colleagues.2. Establish the company’s success in conducting business research especially in your area of business. This can be done by asking the company for the successful projects similar to your own.3. Create a harmonious relationship with the company; you can invite the company for a meeting or assessment. See if their representatives can listen to what you say. Identify the person you will deal with throughout depending on th e responses to your needs.4. Check if the price is competitive. Get a number of proposals to compare especially if you have met with several companies. Quality is of course very important. Choose an offer that offers most for your money.5. Evaluate the Research Company’s responsiveness.  6. Consider the Company’s approach to market research. The company should be willing to understand my needs and help me achieve my goals. They should adhere to market research standards i.e. professional data collection. The Company must be focused on giving practical and actionable results.

Summarize and Analyze your Entrepreneur Interview Essay

Summarize and Analyze your Entrepreneur Interview - Essay Example Amrita belongs to Indian origin. Her father and mother are Indian. Family back ground of the interviewee is very simple and she belongs to a simple Indian family which has migrated from India to USA. The interviewee is also a UX Research associate in User experience centre of Bentley University. Amrita is significantly passionate towards the various extra curriculum activities like playing Cricket, Tennis and reading books and travelling. She is extremely passionate about the lean start up methodology and she has managed it well enough. She is a graduate of Women’s leadership organization. The interviewer has identified her with the help of LinkedIn. All the above information is indicating that background of the entrepreneur is very much simple and she had to start her business from the scratch. But the interviewee has suitable educational background and working experience to come up with new business. Opportunity identification is a fundamental requirement for any entrepreneur. Amrita was travelling from India to USA. She was travelling to attend her high school reunion in USA. She was properly dressed up and she had her dresses in her bags also. But during that trip to reunion party she was missing shoes. She was thinking to borrow it from someone. But unfortunately she had to spend her money to purchase new shoes. At that point of time shoes were not at all required for the interviewee. But as there was no other choice to her, she had to buy it. So opportunity identification was significantly real-time and practical in nature. In this case, situation guided Amrita towards the opportunity. Opportunity identification was very much specific in nature and it helped the interviewee to come up with a successful idea. Here in this case also the interviewee identified the opportunity suitably. Here in this case one thing is crystal clear that opportunities are everywhere. But proper

Love Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Love - Assignment Example The song mainly makes use of the lyrics, keyboard and chords. There is a consistent beat played throughout the song so its time signature is a simple 4/4. This drum beat has been adopted from song by Joe Tex. The rhythm of this song is consistent; hence the tempo stays the same. The structure of this song can be broken down in to verse, chorus and bridge. Like other modern hip hop songs, this song also has a simple order in its structure. The song starts with a chorus sung by both B.O.B and Bruno Mars. Forty five seconds into the song, B.O.B sings the verse followed by a bridge sung by Bruno Mars and then chorus again. This ordered structure repeats twice. Near the end, the order changes from chorus, bridge, chorus. Most of the modern music has almost all of the above mentioned features and these features suggest that they are quite predictable. Classical music on the other hand is very diverse and swerving. Symphony no. 40 by Mozart on the other hand is an original classical piece without lyrics. Mozart wrote this symphony in 1788. The symphony is purely instrumental and its complete musical piece is about thirty minutes long. This piece is melody driven which is difficult to find in the modern pop music. Unlike â€Å"Nothin’ on you† by B.O.B, this symphony has no structural limitations. Therefore, the breakdown of its structure is not as simple. Symphony number 40 changes its tempo as it has varying rhythms. These varying rhythms are very complex yet the whole piece is temporally very sophisticated. Mozart’s symphony number 40 makes use of many instruments such as the flute, oboes, clarinets, horns, bassoons and strings. The symphony starts with a fast movement but turns to a slower pace a little later. After which it enters into a phase of scherzo and finally ends at a fast pace. The structure of this symphony can be broken down in to four segments of tempo markings namely molto-allegro, Andante, Menuetto and

How Did Prophets Function In Israel Research Paper

How Did Prophets Function In Israel - Research Paper Example Other than just being conveyer of God’s messages, these spiritual figures attempted to make humankind revert back to God after facing moral decay (Taylor 2). There are 48 prophets and 7 Prophetesses that have emerged during eighth century in Israel. Functions of the Prophets in Israel A critical analysis of literature available on prophets in Israel helped in understanding that some of the major missions performed by Prophets included reformation instead of new innovation of religion, urging conformity to law along with infrequent mention of it, lack of prescription in the law, testing and serving as a watch man and intercessor (Wood n. pag.). Once their missions were ascertained, the methods that were used to achieve them described the ways through which prophets functioned in Israel. Since prophets acted as a foreteller and an oracle of God, they also adopted certain other roles in the society in order to ensure that these teachings were known to people and duly followed. So me of the major leadership roles in Israeli society included lawgiver, wise men, prophets, psalmists and priests. These were the instructors that Israelis turned to whenever they needed guidance and Prophets of Israel held some of these roles simultaneously in order to achieve their goals. a. Roles of the Prophets Firstly, the role of lawgivers in Prophets began with the advent of Moses who was also the very first Prophet that appeared in Israel. Second role adopted by the Prophets was wise man whose function was to guide and provide counseling in the light of religious teachings. Hence, through this role, prophets attempted to convince general public and leaders of the society with logic instead of appealing to their conscience (Taylor 5). Lastly, some of the prophets also acted as priests who were also responsible for enforcement of law however they were responsible for major sacrifices along with bringing civil justice in the society. In addition to that, Prophets in Israel were majorly responsible for oracular revelations as well. Most of these prophets held leadership roles in their times and were also followed by major social figures who were judges and military heads being responsible for ensuring that the teachings of Prophets prevail. Joshua is one such example who was a strong political figure however he was not a prophet and did not delivered messages of God to people of Israel. In addition to some of these basic functions, Prophets of Israel were also seen as acting as a balancing factor for King’s rule as they received God’s word about King’s actions that were going to be taking place along with the outcomes of those that have already been taken place. Such prophets were not only oracular but were also perceived as a symbol of justice. In order to function effectively, they sometimes also formed part of King’s court and used their oracular powers to provide guidance to the King (Wilson). Over the period of time, the pro phets were limited to oracular function only instead of acting as leaders of the society and sources of miracles (Bremmer 159). b. Methods Used By Prophets These roles allowed prophets to use various methods for conveying their messages which included preaching, individual contacts with the kings and main leaders of the society and using symbolism for disseminating messages of God along with object lessons (Wood n. pag.).  

Tang Dynasty Culture Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tang Dynasty Culture Art - Essay Example The animals that were frequently found in Tang ceramics were created using so many molds and then by putting the pieces together and strengthening those areas with clay plugs on the inside to try to reduce strain on the joints. During this period, it was featured with enghlitement in trade and peace with other foreign nations. Evidence of these foreigners is seen in the figures on tombs during this time. Several nationalities were noted in the pottery. Importation of horses also marked this period, and this period was famously known for its horses that were displayed in its funerary artwork (Ebrey, pg. 127)The most common form of pottery that was famous during this time was the globular jars and offering trays that had horizontal rims. Because of the vast nature of china as a country, the ceramics were varying from one region to the other during this period. In the northern central region, the stoneware is seen to be fine, and the common practice was covering it with a thin whitish s lip. In the east and southeast region, the pottery is stouter with short straight spout that is set on the shoulder.During this period, there is also curious interest in the transmutation glaze in which the high-fired stoneware is seen to change its colors to kilns. This is seen especially when the blue or gray place flecks are applied to a dark or brown background that resembles tea-dusk. The dynasty of tang was crucial in the ceramics development and the contribution of clay bodies, glaze techniques and firing methods.

Perspective on Conflict, Conflict Interests and Goals, and Coursework

Perspective on Conflict, Conflict Interests and Goals, and Interpersonal Negotiation - Coursework Example Parties enter into conflicts because their objectives are not being met and they want to achieve their goals in all cases. Entering into conflicts is in the interest of no party. It only tends to weaken the integrity of the organization because the overall morale declines. Conflicts should be resolved as soon as possible either at personal level or through the use of mediation strategies. If conflicts remain unresolved, this affects the productivity and job dissatisfaction continues to increase which is harmful for everybody in the long run. It is very crucial that interpersonal negotiation is conducted among the conflicting parties so that they are brought together on a communicative platform where they can work out a solution that acceptable to all parties involved. Interpersonal negotiation requires the mediator to have such skills with which he is able to bring all parties together at equal level so that they can discuss their problems with each other and work toward resolving the

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Case Study Example Price – Despite the presence of various beer brands in the international market, Budweiser has maintained its respectable share in the global market due to its distinct product identity and deep satisfaction of customers towards its product. Hence no matter what the price of the product, Budweiser has been able to maintain its loyal customers. The so called Budweiser trademark dispute where three companies stake claim to the name â€Å"Budweiser.† Not only does it add confusion to the general public, it also varies the product taste and packaging. Despite the aforementioned weaknesses and threats, Budweiser continues to have a competitive advantage over other brands due to its stand out product name, label, and packaging. Furthermore, â€Å"sin† products such as alcoholic beverages maintains a competitive edge over other beverages despite outrageous ad campaigns and continuous government warnings. It may or may not have an agreeable marketing strategy. Nevertheless, the product name says it all. The name Budweiser has given another denotative meaning to beer, or to make it concrete – Budweiser has made itself synonymously identified to

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Essay Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Advantages: * As well as controlling the independent variable the experimenter attempts to eliminate unwanted extraneous variables. * Control over extraneous variables is usually greater than in other research methods. * Experimental design involves manipulating the independent variable to observe the effect on the dependent variable. This makes it possible to determine a cause and effect relationship. Because of strict conditions and control the experimenter can set up the experiment again and repeat or ‘check’ their results. Replication is very important as when similar results are obtained this gives greater confidence in the results. Disadvantages: * Elimination of extraneous variables is not always possible. * Experimental situation may not relate to the real world. * It may be unethical or impossible to randomly assign people to groups. Eg. : Unethical to deliberately deprive children of sleep. * Impossible (expensive) to observe ‘jetlag’ by sending people on world trips. * Unethical to experiment on forms of punishment on children by subjecting them to punishment. * Advantages and Diadvantages of the Quantitative Observational Design. Advantages: * Quantitative observational designs allow variables to be investigated that would be unethical, impossible or too costly under an experimental design. Some kinds of behaviour can only be observed in a naturalistic setting. Disadvantages: * Cannot infer such a strong cause and effect relationship because there is or greater chance of other variables affecting the results. This is due to the lack of random assignment to groups. * Cannot replicate the findings as the same situation will not occur naturally again. * Quantitative Observational does not allow generalisation of findings to the general population. * Observer bias may influence the results.

Careless Human Environmental Destruction

Careless Human Environmental Destruction For many reasons the human race could be called a blessing. Great advanced in technology, medicine and even the fact we are the most sophisticated species on the planet. Are we a gift to planet Earth, or far from it? With cast amounts of pollution and destruction of the planet, not to mention unthinkable acts of violence and hate that has been going on since the beginning of time. Are we really as sophisticated and important as we have led ourselves to believe? Are we any better than any other creature because we are more technologically advanced? Is the human race a blessing? Humans have destroyed and endangered more species on our planet than any other species or group, with our continuous pollution and lack of respect for out own environment. One area of the world affected by our careless habits is our coastlines and the marine habitats that vast amounts of species rely on. These particular areas of the world are being destroyed because humans dont seem to care as long as they make a couple of dollars in the process. Oil spills like the one in the Prince William Sound on the coast of Alaska and Hawaiian sea turtles and their many troubles with humans are just some examples of human carelessness and the consequences that the environment, particularly marine wildlife incur, which often are fatal. I chose this particular subject because I find the ocean and its unique and rare inhabitants to be interesting. Every coastline has its one unique species and no two areas are the same. I wanted to learn more about how humans are destroying the habitats of these unique creatures. I found that all species are in someway being threatened by human dominance and carelessness. From the common flounder or sea star you can find when you walk across the beach to a rare fish like the coelacanth (prehistoric fish that was believed to be extinct until one was caught off the coat of Madagascar by a local commercial fisherman until in the 1950s). The ocean can be a calm and loving but can easily turn into a vicious killer within seconds. All of these things are what I find so interesting about the ocean. I wanted to find out why people can continue to destroy it even though they know the effect of their actions. I guess some people are ignorant and just dont care if they destroy the things that m ake our environment so beautiful. One example of our careless destruction of our environment is the Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska in 1989. The Prince William Sound still shows signs of the oil spill tem years later. Most species have recovered since the spill, but many are still suffering. The Harbor Seal and herring are just two who are vital to the survival of all the species in the area. Herring are the main source of food for many species in the area, including humans. (Mitchell, p.98) The ecosystem is gradually recovering from the spill, says Molly McCammon, an Executive director of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, but it will never be the same as it was twenty years ago. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council was founded to oversee the use of nine hundred million dollars to the area by the government after settling with the Exxon Company for one billion dollars in criminal and civil damages. One serious problem in the aftermath of Exxon Valdez is the decline of herring. (The tabl e shows the chave in populations of Prince William Sound before and after the Exxon Valdez spill.) Even more disturbing than the fact herring arent recovering as well as other species like them is the fact they were on the decline before the accident. This was a major issue because herring are the center of the ecosystem in the Sound. Many biologists now believe that over fishing of the herring has contributed to their decline. The Pacific Herring is just one species of the area, but if you see how important that one species is to the ecosystem of the Alaskan coast than you begin to see how important all species are to their particular habitats. This is just one example, but if you take a species out of its environment, then a chain reaction would occur, hurting the species around it. Another species that biologists are beginning to study wit the money received from the Exxon Valdez settlement is the Alaskan Salmon. The oil spill has left the Alaskan Salmon on the decline until recently, but still the species is reeling. The last two years have been extremely positive for the Alaskan Salmon population, stated one Alaskan biologists. But her concerns were more focused on the salmon offspring, which had been effected by the spill. Fry, as seen in the left vial, were damaged by the oil. The fry still come in contact with oil when oil pockets seep into some intertidal spawning streams. These pockets are like mines, says Jeffrey Short, a scientist with the National Marine Fisheries Service. Scientist discovered the oil caused genetic defects in salmon. Many species in the Prince William Sound are still recovering from the spill. This is just one spill and you can see the devastation it has made upon its ecosystem. This has been called one of the worst oil spills in his tory. But you can imagine there has been numerous spills that are almost as areas might never fully recover from the spill on their ecosystem. The devastation of an oil spill is just one of many causes of marine destruction that humans are guilty of. Many other species suffer from damaged habitats. Another example of humans destroying their environment and the unique species that live there is Hawaiian Sea turtles. The turtles are becoming endangered because of loss of habitat. The overwhelming presence of humans in the turtles habitat is making is harder for turtles to find areas where they can lay their eggs. The loss of nesting sites if hurting the reproduction of sea turtles because unpopulated beaches are becoming harder to find. Sea turtles have an affinity for certain beaches and when they cannot lay their eggs there they have to find new areas which can take time. Other reasons why the turtles are being threatened are pollution of the ocean and netting. Pollution in the form of debris is killing turtles. They can ingest the plastic debris and it makes it hard to get the nourishment needed from the food they eat. Netting is another killer of turtles. Fishing nets set out by commercial fisherman are a definite killer of sea turtles in the Hawaiian Islands. (http://www.tur tles.org/marines). Erosion of beaches also hurts the sea turtle population. The lack of beach force turtles to lay their eggs in a smaller area. When humans try to stop or reduce erosion it disturbs the turtles even more. Sea walls, canals, jetties, and sandbagging are all things that are used by humans to stop erosion, but they are hurting the turtles more than they are helping them. They need dry land in order to lay their eggs and these structures are deducing land even further. Fibropapilloma Tumors are a serious threat and are beginning to show up on turtles in Hawaii and other areas with large numbers of sea turtles. They were first seen in turtles around 1930, but it wasnt until 1980 that the tumors began to show up in epidemic proportions. The green turtles were the only known species to have the tumors, but it has recently been discovered in other turtle species. The most effected areas of the world are Hawaii, Florida, and Australia. (http://www.turtles.org/threats.htm) All of these threats to turtle population are hurting their hopes of survival. But people out to help the sea turtles such as Denise Parker who works with a marine turtle program in Honolulu, Hawaii, have worked hard and the population of marine sea turtles has actually been on the rise in recent years. The turtles population is coming up from endangered and threatened to a safe number, but that isnt far enough for many who care about the turtles. They continue to help increase the population because they know they would begin to decline again if they didnt have any help. Many groups such as the Marine Turtles Research Program and the National Marine Fisheries Service are helping to restore the turtles in Hawaii. There are also many individuals whose work with the sea turtles have helped in preserving them and their natural environment. One of these people is Ken Nichols. Nichols is a supporter of turtles and he is trying to make the people aware of the environment in the Hawaiian Is lands. He feels that the most important thing we can do is conserve the wilderness and beaches from expansion. We need to educate people about the turtles especially children. When asked about how we can save the environment and the habitat of turtles as well as other species Nichols said, This is obviously a difficult task as the human population continues to grow, which means we are constantly expanding into wild areas which support bio-diversity of all types. I believe the greatest task is education of children and more efficient use of the existing areas we are using. These two ideas, are good examples of how the human race destroys the environment around them. We continue to hurt our wildlife, but there are people out there to fight against the pollution and destruction caused by large corporations and businesses. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 has helped tremendously in the battle for survival of species like the turtles in Hawaii as well as other threatened and endangered species of out planet. (http://www.fws.gov/r9end.com). This act prohibits the further destruction or death of the species. By the Endangered Species Act, citizens of the United States are prohibited from taking an endangered or threatened species, declared by the U.S. Fish and Wilidlife Service, from its environment whether on United States soil or in its waters. Punishment if caught breaking the lwas instead in this act are as follows; 25,000 dollars if caught violating the rules listed above, 12,000 forknowingly participating in the importing or exporting of such species . Any person who otherwise violates any provision of this Act, or any regulation, permit, or certificate issued hereunder, may be assessed a civil penalty by the Secretary of not more than $500 for each such violation. (http://endangered.fws.gov/esa.html) Although this act is a great step towards the restoration of threatened and endangered species many feel the act isnt worth the money. A proposed amendment to the Endangered Species Act threatened many aspects of the project. The proposed amendment was an attempt to undermine the project of funding and political support. The amendment to section 403 of the Endangered Species Act would literally wipe out many of the endangered species protected by this bill. The sea turtles of Hawaii wouldnt stand a chance if the amendment would have passed, said supporters of the Endangered Species Act and endangered species around the world, We cant just let them take back what we have worked so hard for. Shrimp nets alone kill 55,000 turtles a year in the Hawaiian Islands. (http://www.turtles.org/threats). If the Endangered Species Act is undermined where will these endangered species turn? Some senators who support the amendments to undermine the act are back in congress for a second term and many feel the amendments to the Endangered Species Act will be brought up again and re-voted. (http://www,turtles.org/threats). Senator Slade Gorton was one supporter of the bill to undermine the Endangered Species Act. Are these accusations of inhumanity and lack of care for nature completely true about Senator Gorton? On Senator Gortons web site (http://senate.gov/~gorton), he shows his compassion for nature. A letter thanking him for his help on saving trees and several streams in his home state of Washington from the Sierra club was one such article bringing up questions of whether he was so bad. Others seem to think otherwise, but it is hard to tell without actually knowing him or all his work. Many other laws and acts have been implemented to stop the decline in population of many endangered and threatened species. One it the Marine Mammal Act, which protects the many species in our oceans. The Clean Water and Clean Air acts were also adopted to help protect these endangered species from human threats. One example of how humans have hurt many different species of animals is pesticides, especially the pesticide DDT, which was used in World War II to keep insects away from soldiers. After the war, the pesticide was brought back to the United States and used very carelessly. DDT seeped into the streams and contaminated almost every species that ate fish or other animals that had been infected with DDT. From the contaminated fish the pesticide went up the food chain and began killing off the bald eagles. After the substance DDT was nationally banned in 1973 the bald eagle has begun to make a comeback like most of the other species affected by our carelessness. (Discovery, The Bald Eagle). Just because the Bald Eagle is the symbol of our country does that mean we have more of an obligation to protect it than the sea turtles? Hopefully we will be able to stop the amendments one more time, but if they are made what will happen to the animals that depend on it? We have the obligations to protect these animals. We have placed them in this situation and it is our fault many of these species are endangered today. We cannot continue to let them slip away if we can do something about it. Many organizations are trying to keep these laws in place. Others who feel that our money should go to more worthy causes, even though we personally are responsible for the decline in many species. I think we need to support the laws that are in effect as of right now and try to get better funding for the organizations that are already in place. We dont need new laws, we need to support and help fund the ones we already have. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is one of the big organizations that helps protect the endangered species as well as helping to educate and fund other small organizations that can do their part as well. It may not be easy to get funding for programs like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, but we can achieve this goal if we work hard. A good example of how we can help to preserve our endangered wildlife is we can implement a tax that will provide money to these programs. We can add a tax to companies who contribute to the destruction of our environment. For example, if a company produces pollution they should be forced to pay a tax. We can place a standard tax for all companies and corporations who do this or we can base the amount owed by the amount of pollution or amount of destruction caused by the corporation on the environment. For companies that we are unable to tell how much exactly contribute to the destruction of the environment, we can require a base sum. A starting base sum could be five hundred dollars a year for all the companies who contribute to the destroying of the Earth. We can assemble a committee of U.S. Fish and Wildlife agents to assess the amount of pollution a company produces and then a fitting cost for that pollution. It might take a little while to put this proposal into effect. If we anticipated the slow advancement of passing the law in congress it would take six or seven years to implement this law. It wouldnt take a lot of money, but definitely some money would be required. It would take several thousand to advertise if it wasnt donated by a company who felt strongly about the issue at hand. I would think an estimate of about $500,00-60,000 dollars would easily cover the expenses of advertising, salaries for workers and any other expenses. Donations and fundraisers would be used to accumulate enough money to get the support of the people. When I discussed my proposal with my friend, she felt that it was a good idea and that the organizations like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service need the money to study and set up programs to save endangered species and these programs need money. She felt it would be hard to get the bill passed because congressmen have ties with big corporations that pollute and they wouldnt have to pay fees. So most likely the proposal would be stopped. Although she didnt see the bill being passed she said that if we accumulate enough money to advertise and get the support of the people, congressmen would be forced to vote for the bill or they might not be reelected. If she has strong feelings about this subject, Im sure the majority of this society is concerned about the environment and about our future. We need to try and get funds for programs and organizations that help endangered and threatened species. Many organizations rely on donations and money from supporters. We need to find ways to get more money for these programs and the proposal of taxes on companies who pollute is just one possibility. Everyone contributes to the destruction of the environment and we all have to do our part to help the species we are killing off. Species like the Pacific Salmon, who were threatened by the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. As well as other species like the sea turtles in Hawaii who were on the verge of extinction until a recent turn around because of help from organizations and individuals. Individuals who take the burden upon their shoulders and make it their business to make up for all the people who could care less what happens to their environment. We need to protect our environment form the people who seek to destroy it for money and success. I think the beauty of the ocean is worth saving. Every creature and every unique species is a creature worth saving. We dont have the right to kill those who arent as smart or sophisticated as us. They have just as mush right to the Earth as we do. We dont have the right to over fish herring in Alaska or cut down all the trees in rain forest s just for money and the profit these resources create.